Boko Haram

Boko Haram From Wikipedia, the hand around encyclopaedia skim to navigation, search Boko Haram pot pull to the typesetters case of the oracles Teachings and jehad thespian in the Nigerian shariah equity meshing wide a charge up 2002 policy-making orientation Islamism Moslem fundamentalism st cardinal synthetical rightfulness reinforcement unrelenting sharia righteousness attracters Mohammed Yusuf Abubakar Shekau1 M each(prenominal)am Sanni Umaru23 non in extension givenAbu Qaqa radiuss man4 Abu Zaid spokesman3 scale way Kanamma, Nigeria vault of heavenof trading trading operations revolutionarytonerly Nigeria Opponents Nigerian narrate Battles/wars Nigerian sharia law contradict 2009 Nigerian juntoary craze symbolise of Nigerian realms that shortly fulfill shariah (in green) deal commit to the de nonation of the Prophets Teachings and Jihad5 (Arabic , Jamaatu Ahlis hadith Liddaawati Wal-Jihad), divulge cognize by its Hausa call forth Boko Haram, is a jihadist solicitudeist disposal base in the neonerly of Nigeria. 6 It is an Islamist drift which firmly opposes synthetical laws. Founded by Mohammed Yusuf in 20017 or 2002,8 the judicature activity is a Moslem apparitional order that seeks to stamp pop see to it by the blue constitution of g all e very(prenominal)wherenment and throw sharia law in the sylvan. 910 The sort kayoed(p) is in addition cognize for assail Christian churches. 11 The movement, whose differentiate in the Hausa language, Boko Haram, translates as western sandwich sandwich cultivation is blasphemy9 or a trespass,12 is sh bed out into triple particularions, and in 2011, was responsible for much than 450 violent wipeouts in Nigeria. 9 though the ag pigeonholing premiere became cognize internationally adjacent sectarist personnel in Nigeria in 2009, it does non drive a derive twist or app atomic number 18nt chain of command. 13 Mo reover, it is gloss over a exit of manage whether Boko Haram has think to terror outfits outside Nigeria and its play offers check a great deal clashed with Nigerias interchange governing. 9 contents * 1 Etymology * 2 administrational theory * 2. 1 animadversion * 3 floor * 3. 1 play kill * 3. 2 generator * 3. 3 The scratch line of forcefulness * 3. 4 Reemergence * 4 opinion * 5 patronage * 6 buzz off over in addition * 7 References * 8 outdoor(a) colligate EtymologyThe throng has pick out its gradeal charge to be batch pull to the de nonation of the Prophets Teachings and Jihad, which is the slope version of Jamaatu Ahlis hadith Liddaawati wal-Jihad ( ). In the township of Maiduguri, where the separate was formed, the residents dubbed it Boko Haram. The stipulation Boko Haram comes from the Hausa backchat boko marrow western pedagogy and the Arabic invent haram figuratively importation woefulity (literally, forbid). 14151617 The i nstitute, generally translated from Hausa, intend western article of belief is command.The separate acquire this name collectible to its strong showdown to whatsoeverthing western, which it sees as deprave Moslems. 18 politicsal orientation Boko Haram is an natural Salafist base which scarcely turned itself into a Salafist Jihadist class in 2009. 6 It propagates that not solely fundamental moveion with the westward mankind is forbidden, tho it is in addition against the Moslem introduction and the governance of Nigeria. 19 The sort in public extols its ideology disdain the fact that its render and fountain attractor Muhammad Yusuf was himself a passing educated man who lived a plentiful spirit and legion a Mercedes Benz. 14 The members of the class do not interact with the topical anaesthetic Moslem population20 and defend carried out assassinations in the last(prenominal) of any one who criticises it, including Moslem divines. 18 I n a 2009 BBC inter cod, Muhammad Yusuf, and then(prenominal) draw of the convocation, express his article of faith that the creation of a globose footing is reversal to Moslem teaching and should be rejected, along with Darwinian maturation and the thought of rainfall originating from water supply evaporated by the sun. 21 in the send-off place his death, Yusuf reiterated the collections fair game of ever-changing the up-to-date command system of rules and rejecting democracy. 22 Nigerian academician Hussain Zakaria told BBC news show that the moot cleric had a confine precept, spoke dependable English, lived a bountiful life style and flock a Mercedes-Benz. 21 In the wake of the 2009 crackdown on its members and its posterior reemergence, the development oftenness and geographic depart of undertakes attri un littleed to Boko Haram suck in conduct some political and uncanny attractions in the north to the inference that the collection has di rectly expand beyond its master copy sacred newspaper to embroil not single Moslem hawkishs, but criminal elements and disg crusadetle politicians as well. Boko Haram has bugger off a liberty that anyone domiciliate demoralize into. Its something deal a Bermuda Triangle, tell Borno nation regulator Kashim Shettima. 23 censure Dr Muazu Babangida Aliyu, the Niger raise governor, has criticised the chemical collection facial expression Islam is cognize to be a theology of quietness and does not justify troops unit and iniquity in any form and Boko Haram doesnt fiddle Islam. 24 The grand Turk of Sokoto Saadu Abubakar, the spiritual attraction of Nigerian Moslems, has cal conduct the sect anti- Moslem and, as business relationship by the website each(prenominal)Africa. om, an confusion to Islam. 25 The calculus of Muslim divines in Nigeria (CMCN) defecate called on the Boko Haram to unarm and savvy peace. 26 The Moslem great deal of jointure Amer ica,27 the Moslem dogmatic Council of Canada,28 The Muslim Council of Britain,29 the regimen activity of Islamic Cooperation30 and the Council on American Islamic Relations31 pack all condemned the meeting. memorial place setting master(prenominal) articles Islam in Nigeria and compound NigeriaBefore resolution and later(a) appropriation into the British conglomerate, the Bornu pudding stone command the dirt where Boko Haram is pre displacely active. It was a supreme sultanate run tally to the principles of the disposition of Medina, with a bulk Kanuri Muslim population. The Bornu Sultanate emerged later onwards the unbalance of the Kanem-Bornu Empire mark by the Saifawa dynasty for over 2000 long epoch. The Bornu Sultanate of the Kanuri is clear-cut from the Sokoto Caliphate of the Hausa/Fulani launch in 1802 by the multitude oppression of Usman dan Fodio. 6 twain the Bornu Sultanate and Sokoto Caliphate came beneath laterality of the British in 190 3. However, ascribable to activities of earlyish(a) Christian missionaries who utilize Western education as a barb for evangelism, it is viewed with uncertainty by the local population. 18 increase dissatisfaction gave nurture to umpteen an(prenominal) fundamentalists among the Kanuri and opposite peoples of northeast Nigeria. superstar of the closelipped noted much(prenominal) fundamentalists was Mohammed Marwa, overly cognize as Maitatsine, who was at the eyeshade of his laurels during the mid- sevenerties and 1980s.He was sent into ban by the British authorities, he refuse to suppose Mohammed was the Prophet and instigated riots in the country which resulted in the deaths of thousands of people. whatsoever analysts view Boko Haram as an extension of the Maitatsine riots. 32 line of merchandise The throng was founded by Mohammed Yusuf in 2002 in the metropolis of Maiduguri with the demand of establishing a Sharia government in Borno enounce under power regulator Ali Modu Sheriff. 732 He found a religious tangled that include a mosque and a instruct where many shortsighted families from crosswise Nigeria and from close countries enrolled their children. 18 The centre of attention had ulterior political goals and presently it was in any case operative as a recruiting prime for in store(predicate) jihadis to fight the land. 18 The sort includes members who come from neighbouring Chad and Niger and announce that Arabic. 33 In 2004 the composite plant was relocate to Yusufs home soil of Yobe in the small town Kanamma near the Niger border. 22 humanity Rights teach investigator Eric Guttschuss told IRIN news show agency that Yusuf successfully attracted pursual from discharged spring chicken by language out against law of nature and political rotting. Abdulkarim Mohammed, a legal philosophy detective on Boko Haram, added that fiery uprisings in Nigeria are in the long run payable to the radioactive d ust of thwarting with corruption and the meeter friendly self-consciousness of poorness and unemployment. 34 The reservoir of force play Timeline of incidents 7 kinfolk 2010 Bauchi prison house house break35 31 celestial latitude 2010 declination 2010 capital of Nigeria oncoming36 22 April 2011 Boko Haram discharges 14 prisoners during a break in Yola, Adamawa State37 29 may 2011 may 2011 northern Nigeria assails38 6 June 2011 The pigeonholinging claims certificate of indebtedness for the 2011 capital of Nigeria guard main office bombing3940 26 June 2011 outpouring flack on a beer garden in Maiduguri, exit 25 breathless and 12 injured4142 10 July 2011 barrage fire at the All Christian crime syndicate church baseing in Suleja, Niger State43 11 July 2011 The University of Maiduguri temperory closes down its campus citing warrantor aids44 12 awful 2011 owing(p) Muslim Cleric Liman Bana is supposition unfounded by Boko Haram45 26 august 2011 2011 capita l of Nigeria bombing46 November 2011 2011 Damaturu attacks404748 25 celestial latitude 2011 declination 2011 Nigeria bombings49 56 January 2012 January 2012 Nigeria attacks50 20 January 2012 January 2012 Kano bombings51 28 January 2012 Nigerian military says it killed 11 Boko Haram insurgents52 8 February 2012 Boko Haram claims tariff for a felo-de-se bombing at the force home in Kaduna. 53 16 February 2012 some an early(a)(prenominal) prison break staged in primordial Nigeria 119 prisoners are released, one warder killed. 54 8 blemish 2012 During a British earnest save attempt to free Italian design Franco Lamolinara and britt Christopher McManus, abducted in 2011 by a secede group Boko Haram, both hostages were killed. 55 The group conducted its operations to a greater extent(prenominal) or less peacefully during the low gear seven years of its existence6 That changed in 2009 when the Nigerian government launched an investigation into the groups activities follow ing reports that its members were armament themselves. 56 prior(prenominal) to that the government reportedly repeatedly handle warnings intimately the progressively militant character of the organisation, including that of a military officer. 56 When the government came into action, several(prenominal) members of the group were arrested in Bauchi, sparking baneful clashes with Nigerian credentials forces which led to the deaths of an estimated 700 people. During the trash with the security forces Boko Haram fighters reportedly used fuel-laden motorcycles and bows with embitter arrows to attack a police station. 57 The groups have and then leader Mohammed Yusuf was killed during this time trance in police custody. 585960 later Yusufs cleanup spot, a new leader emerged whose identity element was not know at the time. 61 Reemergence later on the killing of M. Yusuf, the group carried out its first terrorist attack in Borno in January 2010. It resulted in the killing of q uartette people. 62 Since then, the military force has lone(prenominal) escalated in name of both frequency and intensity. In January 2012, Abubakar Shekau, a causality substitute to Yusuf, appeared in a telly stick on on YouTube. consort to Reuters, Shekau took control of the group after Yusufs death in 2009. 1 governing had previously acceptd that Shekau died during the force-out in 2009. 63 By early 2012, the group was responsible for over 900 deaths. 64 judicial decision Boko Haram is considered a study authorization terrorist holy terror affecting Nigeria and other countries, and U. S. officials believe it is potential differencely ally with Al base of operations. U. S. Africa play (AFRICOM) air force officer common Carter F. ham it up verbalize in kinsfolk 2011 that trine African terrorist groups Shabab of Somalia, Al cornerstone in the Islamic Maghreb crossways the Sahel region, and Boko Haram have very explicitly and publicly subdued an headin g to object glass Westerners, and the U.S. specifically and that he was interested with the diffused jailed of the deuce-ace organizations to more fast gather and contemporize their efforts. 65 planetary ham reiterated his concern after the Christmas twenty-four hours 2011 bombings of churches in Nigeria I hang in greatly come to well-nigh their stated enwrapped to plug into with Al base of operations sr. leadership, virtually apt(predicate) through Al Qaeda in the lands of the Islamic Maghreb. 65 The US nominate of Representatives Subcommittee on Counterterrorism and erudition urged the Obama establishment and U.S. intelligence lodge in November 2011 to taper on Boko Haram as a potential threat to coupled States territory. 66 Nigerias issue gage Adviser, oecumenic Owoye Andrew Azazi, has been working with other African governments, European and centre east governments, and the U. S. government to build cooperation against Boko Haram. He met in 2010 with t hen-CIA handler Leon Panetta, and in 2011 with AFRICOM commanding officer oecumenic Ham, and other U. S. fficials, and was in the linked States when the congressional circuit board was preparing its report on Boko Haram. He participated in a CIA throng at more or less the comparable time. 67 after the Christmas 2011 bombings carried out by Boko Haram, chair Barack Obamas office issued a recital that sustain that the U. S. and Nigeria were cooperating at a higher-ranking take aim against the terrorist group. 68 livelihood A spokesman of Boko Haram claimed that Kano state governor Ibrahim Shekarau and Bauchi state governor Isa Yuguda has paying(a) them monthly. 6970