Women s Change Over Time - 1498 Words

Women everywhere have gender expectations and body alterations. We see it walking down the street and their tattoo, piecing, haircut, or body. We see it every day and everywhere. Women have it hard then man in most place. Women have a lot they must go through and it can be tough being a woman. Having to live up to some unrealistic expectation and body alteration that where placed on them that they didn’t even want. Media, status and control effect women into being submissive, have no voice or say so in any matter. To see the expectation and body alteration that female must make to meet these expectation, can sometimes be outrageous, disturbing and downright unjustice. In the united states women expectation of beauty has change over time. Everywhere you turn their women being adversity as Victoria secret model or Barbie. Girls would want to look like this causing them to feel a shamed of their body and have eating disorder like anorexia or bulimia. Women are expected to be a Victoria secret model. Which some or most women can’t accomplish. Most girl want â€Å"that† perfect body type – slim, but not skinny; soft, but not fat. However, these goal lead to unhealthy body alteration. Female submissively follow this idea of unrealistic expectations and body alteration because media has unconsciously created them to feel that the advertised body are the right body. The media misrepresent female, youth and beauty. By having women be portrayed as young, beauty, thin, andShow MoreRelatedWomen s Portrayal Of Women Essay981 Words   |  4 Pageschanged over the years. In history, there was times where women were deprived of men s privileges, and fortunately things changed over the years. Men s perception on women has changed over the years as well. In history, women were treated as if they were alive to compliment men, and just be in the background while men thrived. 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William Bingley, The Wild And Secretive Affair Between...

In â€Å"Pride and Prejudice† many types of love are represented. The calm, easy love that exists between Jane and Charles Bingley, the wild and secretive affair between Lydia and Mr. Wickham, the passionate story of how opposites attract and dislike turning into love. This paper will look at a type of relationship that is not built on love but on mutual needs and desires. For women, these marriages were either arranged by their families, usually as a way to secure land or power. The other type of marriage that a lot of women found themselves in, were not arranged by family members but, were still a result of women needing to find a husband that would provide them with financial security. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries women, had almost no rights in society. They were not permitted to own or inherit property, their education was severely limited, there was a period in which they were not permitted to divorce their husband, and when they were given this right, they were not permitted to retain guardianship over their children. Since women were not allowed to have their own property it was essential that they married men who were able to provide for them the status that they had enjoyed in their father’s home. Preferably the status they gained in marriage was greater than what they had before. The hope was that the husband would help support the woman’s mother when her father passed away. For women who did not find husbands there were limited options left to them. In

Social Media Marketing Intelligence & Planning Of Woolworth

Question: Discuss about the Strategies in Social Media Marketing Intelligence and Planning. Answer: Introduction: Emergence of social media has presented huge amount of opportunities for the organizations to gain competitive advantage in the market. Social media has helped organizations to implement effective marketing and communication tools for gaining popularity in the market. It provides wide range of online applications for the organizations for sharing experiences, information and perspectives with the customers. The constituency of internet-based social media has provided organizations the opportunity to revolutionize the marketing strategy completely so that it can able to create positive impact on the businesses. On the other hand, emergence of social media also has created challenges for the effective utilization of traditional marketing technique. Thus, it actually induced organizations to restructure their marketing strategy to create desired amount of impact on the market place. In this report, the focus will be on the implemented strategies by the Woolworths Limited for the social networking sites. Woolworths is regarded among the top retail organizations in Australia. Woolworths is the second largest organization in terms of revenue in Australia ("Woolworths Supermarket - Buy Groceries Online", 2016). The company has able to gain popularity in the market with its innovative marketing strategies. Woolworths has always tried to utilize the marketing strategy in such a way so that it can able to create major impact on the market. Social media marketing strategies of Woolworths have tried to include several factors in order to gain popularity in the market. In this report, the focus will be different strategies implemented by Woolworths to enhance popularity in the market. The report will also conduct an in-depth analysis in order to identify the future path for the organization. Woolworths social media presence: As per the article by Andzulis, Panagopoulos Rapp (2012) organizations will have to focus on the systematic implementation of strategies in order to establish its popularity in the social media platform. Woolworths also have implemented several strategies for the effective utilization of social media platforms. Firstly, Woolworths marketing strategy has focuses on the establishment of the brand identity on the several social platforms. Berthon et al. (2012) mentioned that brand identity helps to create space for the organizations in the social media platforms. For that reason, Woolworths marketing strategy focuses on the effective utilization of photos, logo of the organization, business related information effectively so that it can able to create popularity on the social media platform. As Woolworths deals in the retail industry, it marketing strategy focuses on the colorful presentation of the business information. It has helped the organization to develop a strong image in the s ocial media platform. The marketing strategy of Woolworths on the social media platform also focuses on the effective utilization of company logo so that people can able to recognize the promotional campaign of the organization effectively. Marketing strategy of Woolworths always focuses on providing best possible experience for the customers at the time of purchasing any products from any of the retail stores (Nellist et al., 2016). Therefore, marketing strategy of Woolworths has tried to highlight effectiveness of the provided customer service of the organization so that it can able to grab the attention of the potential customers effectively. Woolworths also tried to utilize its internet presence in order to provide business related information effectively to its target group. The organization is trying to highlight that it is focusing on providing the best quality products to its customers so that they are remain associated with the organization. As per the article by Burclaff Johnson (2014), social media has become an integral part of modern day life style. People from different age and culture utilize social media on a daily basis. Therefore, it is actually providing lot of opportunities for the organizations to gain popularity in the market. Woolworths also have tried to implement combination of strategies so that they can get close to its potential customers in a much more effective way. It has been identified that social media presence of Woolworths has able to enhance the business opportunity for the organization. Figure 1: Woolworths logo (Source: "Woolworths Supermarket - Buy Groceries Online", 2016) Social media audience of Woolworths: Woolworths is among the prime supermarkets that is present all across the Australia. In fact, the company is also very popular in New Zealand as well. From the initial stage, Woolworths has tried to provide the best quality products at the cheapest price available in the market (Tuten Solomon, 2014). As a result, Woolworths has able to gain popularity in an effective manner. Moreover, Woolworths has always tried to implement innovative marketing strategy to gain popularity in the market. However, the emergence of social media has influenced organization to reconstruct their marketing strategies in order to maintain its popularity in the market. From the beginning, Woolworths have consciously tried to develop a colorful image so that it can able to influence customers to think that they will have best possible experience at the time of purchasing any product from the organization. As per the article by Castronovo Huang (2012), Woolworths marketing strategy always focus towards the y outh. Therefore, increasing popularity of social media has provided new tool for the organization to get closer to its target audience. Many studies have highlighted the fact that emergence of social media has helped organizations to target youth of the community in an effective way. Social media marketing strategies include blog, sharing of different perspectives that have helped organizations to attract youth for purchasing the product of the organization. Woolworths also have tried to target youth of the economy so that it can help the organization to sustain its position in the market. Figure 2: Official Facebook page of Woolworths (Source: www.woolworths.com.au, 2016) Woolworths social media marketing: As per the article by Dos Santos, Svensson Padin (2013) emergence of social media has provided no options for the organizations but to utilize it as an effective marketing tool. Several studies have mentioned that social media marketing can actually provide huge amount of benefits for the businesses of the organizations. Therefore, organizations have to be extremely careful at the time of selecting any marketing technique for the social media. Woolworths also have tried to implement several strategies in order to gain attention of the customers (Patroni, von Briel Recker, 2016). For instance, Woolworths have tried to utilize conventional social media marketing techniques like blog and sharing of attractive picture in order to capture the attention of the potential customers. Woolworths have consciously tried to develop blog on the unique topic so that the readers can get easily attracted to it (Mitchell Duquette, 2014). On the other hand, sharing of colorful pictures on the social media platform has helped Woolworths to become a popular name among the children as well. The marketing strategy of Woolworths has always tried to highlight the kind of quality they are providing to their customers. Therefore, Woolworths marketing strategy has included customer rating system on the social media so that it can able to influence many others to purchase products from the retail stores of the organization. Figure 3: Official Twitter page of Woolworths (Source: www.woolworths.com.au, 2016) As mentioned by Feigin (2016) social media has provided organizations two-way communication platforms in order to implement any marketing strategy effectively. For that reason, Woolworths have always tried to influence customers to provide their feedback regarding the kind of experiences they have at the time of purchasing any product from the organization. On the other hand, social media marketing strategy of Woolworths also has influenced people to share any suggestion on the social media platform so that it can able to help the organization to improve its quality of service in a much more effective way. As highlighted by Kasian-Lew (2014) two-way communication has helped organization to utilize feedbacks and suggestions of the customers to represent itself as a customer friendly organization. Woolworths have always tried to provide the best possible services to all its customers in order to gain competitive advantage in the market. Therefore, utilization of feedbacks and suggestio n have helped the organization to identify the exact areas that need to be improve in order to enhance the quality of products and services. Furthermore, marketing strategy of Woolworths has also tried to utilize social media as a platform to solve any queries of the customers in an instant way (Tussyadiah Zach, 2013). In the present competitive business structure, customer service has become one of the major factors that can actually make or break businesses of any organization. Therefore, Woolworths have tried to utilize different social media platforms in such a way so that customers do not have to wait for getting any help from the organization (Meyer, 2014). In fact, Woolworths have developed a separate team so that it can able to utilize all the social media platforms in an effective way. Woolworths marketing technique on social media have able to provide organization a separate place on the mind of the customers. Woolworths marketing strategies on social media also focuses o n the effective utilization of providing business related information to the customers. Therefore, it has helped organization to develop a strong connection with the customers. Furthermore, Woolworths also utilizes social media at the time providing any special offers for the customers (Rosenbaum-Elliott et al., 2015). It not only helps organization to enhance its present level of business but also help to enhance the popularity on the social media platforms. Woolworths utilizes several attractive pictures and graphic arts at the time of providing information related to any special offers so that it can able to grab the attention of the potential customers in an effective way. Privacy, ethics and security developed by Woolworths: As per the article by Lardi Fuchs (2013), maintenance of privacy and ethics is necessary for every organizations in order to create maximum impact with the implemented marketing strategies. Social media is also not an exception, as it also induces organizations to follow several rules and regulations so that the implemented marketing strategies can actually able to create desired impact on the market. Woolworths also have tried to implement several techniques in order to maintain the privacy of the customers at the expected level. As per the article by Magro (2012) almost 66% of the people are concerned regarding their privacy in social media. Therefore, it has become absolutely necessary for the organizations to maintain the privacy at the expected level in order to achieve expected amount of impact by the implementation of the marketing technique. Woolworths have made a conscious effort to maintain the privacy level at the time of solving any customers queries. It has been identif ied that few organizations have tried to extract data from several social media platforms to initiate personal mail campaign, which eventually created legal issues. Therefore, Woolworths have made a conscious effort so that it does not have to face any difficulties in maintaining the privacy rules of the social media platforms. Woolworths have focuses on several factors in order to maintain ethics in the implemented marketing strategy. For instance, Woolworths focuses on the know your audience (KYA) in order to increase the effectiveness of the implemented social media marketing strategy. This technique has helped Woolworths preferences, choices and interests of the customers in an effective way. Secondly, Woolworths focuses on remaining unbiased from any political, cultural or religious factors in order to capture all segments of the markets. In fact, Woolworths have made a conscious effort in order to influence people from all the background to purchase products from the organization. By remaining unbiased Woolworths has able to gain popularity throughout all the communities regardless of culture, education and political background. Woolworths also tried to remain transparent in their implemented marketing strategy so that people can able to understand the kind of benefits they can able to receive by purc hasing product from the organization. Furthermore, Woolworths always tried to share the truth in their marketing campaign so that it can able to enhance the satisfaction level of the customers. As per the article by Malthouse et al. (2013), maintenance of ethics can help organization to develop strong brand image in the market, which will help to increase the trust level. Thus, social media marketing strategy of Woolworths have also tried to maintain all the ethical guideline so that it can actually able to provide huge amount of benefits in developing reputation of the organization in the market. Figure 4: Woolworths prime ethical considerations (Source: Burclaff Johnson, 2014) Social media technologies implemented by Woolworths: As per the article by Marchetto (2015) emergence of social media has completely revolutionized the way that businesses have been conducted previously. In fact, evolution of social media has provided organizations the platform to communicate effectively with the customers. Woolworths also utilize several social media like Facebook, Twitter and Instagram to communicate effectively with the customers. Woolworths tries to post several attractive videos and pictures to attract the attention of the customers. Woolworths also tries to induce people from all across the world to share their opinion regarding their thoughts and believes. Furthermore, Woolworths tries to utilize their Facebook page for gaining popularity in the global market as well (Tsimonis Dimitriadis, 2014). Woolworths also utilizes Twitter page to tweet in several attractive topics. Furthermore, Woolworths marketing strategy is focused towards the colorful development of brand image. Woolworths tries to utilize Twitter platform to develop effective communication channel with the customers. It also encourages people to share the post of the organizations so that people can able to see it in a much more effective way. It also focused towards developing effective development of marketing campaign in order to gain popularity in the market. Woolworths also use Instagram to share attractive pictures to gain attention of the customers. Furthermore, Woolworths also utilizes platforms like LinkedIn to become a globally popular name, which will create positive impact on the businesses of the organization. Woolworths also utilizes Pinterest to implement marketing strategies in an appropriate way. Woolworths marketing strategy always focus towards providing effective products and services to the customers so that they remain satisfied. Furthermore, Woolworths always tries to provide all the business related information to the customers through the utilization of several soci al media platforms. For that reason, marketing strategy of Woolworths in the social media platform has able to create major positive impact on the businesses of the organization. Figure 5: Woolworths social media technologies (Source: Castronovo Huang, 2012) Conclusion: From the above discussion, it can be assessed that utilization of social media tools in the marketing strategy has become a necessary process from the organizations in order to gain popularity in the market. It has been identified that effective utilization has the potential to provide huge amount of benefits for the organizations, which will help to represent itself as one of the popular names in the market. Woolworths is among the top retail organizations in the entire world. Therefore, it has invested huge amount to develop an extremely effective social media marketing strategy for the organization. However, it is known that social media marketing require lesser cost compare to any other tools of marketing. Still, Woolworths have developed a separate team to create maximum impact by utilizing social media marketing technique. Thus, it highlighted the fact that effective utilization of social media marketing strategy requires specific skills and knowledge that organizations will ha ve to develop in order to gain popularity in the market. References: Andzulis, J. M., Panagopoulos, N. G., Rapp, A. (2012). A review of social media and implications for the sales process.Journal of Personal Selling Sales Management,32(3), 305-316. Berthon, P. R., Pitt, L. F., Plangger, K., Shapiro, D. (2012). Marketing meets Web 2.0, social media, and creative consumers: Implications for international marketing strategy.Business horizons,55(3), 261-271. Burclaff, N., Johnson, C. (2014). Developing a social media strategy Tweets, pins, and posts with a purpose.College Research Libraries News,75(7), 366-369. Castronovo, C., Huang, L. (2012). Social media in an alternative marketing communication model.Journal of Marketing Development and Competitiveness,6(1), 117. Dos Santos, M. A., Svensson, G., Padin, C. (2013). Indicators of sustainable business practices: Woolworths in South Africa.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,18(1), 104-108. Feigin, L. M. (2016).The effects of protests and boycotts on a brand and its reputation: a case study on Woolworths and boycott, divestment and sanctions (BDS)(Doctoral dissertation, The IIE). Kasian-Lew, D. (2014).The Social Executive: How to Master Social Media and Why its Good for Business. John Wiley Sons. Lardi, K., Fuchs, R. (2013).Social media strategy. vdf Hochschulverlag AG. Magro, M. J. (2012). A review of social media use in e-government.Administrative Sciences,2(2), 148-161. Malthouse, E. C., Haenlein, M., Skiera, B., Wege, E., Zhang, M. (2013). Managing customer relationships in the social media era: introducing the social CRM house.Journal of Interactive Marketing,27(4), 270-280. Marchetto, E. (2015). Social Media Strategy. Meyer, S. M. (2014).Social media and corporate brands: A study of how the top 10 corporate brands in South Africa utilise social media content to strengthen their brand(Doctoral dissertation, Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch University). Mitchell, D. J., Duquette, G. (2014). Implementing a Social Media Strategy in. Nellist, C., Ward, E., Thais, S. J., Goldfarb, S., Shaw, K., Anthony-Kittelsen, K. A. (2016).Social Media strategy for the ATLAS experiment(No. ATL-OREACH-SLIDE-2016-439). ATL-COM-OREACH-2016-011. Patroni, J., von Briel, F., Recker, J. (2016). How Can Enterprise Social Media Use Facilitate Innovation? An Exploratory Study in the Retail Industry.IT Professional, Forthcoming. Rosenbaum-Elliott, R., Percy, L., Elliott, R. H., Pervan, S. (2015).Strategic brand management. Oxford University Press, USA. Tsimonis, G., Dimitriadis, S. (2014). Brand strategies in social media.Marketing Intelligence Planning,32(3), 328-344. Tussyadiah, I., Zach, F. (2013). Social media strategy and capacity for consumer co-creation among destination marketing organizations. InInformation and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2013(pp. 242-253). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Tuten, T. L., Solomon, M. R. (2014).Social media marketing. Sage. Woolworths Supermarket - Buy Groceries Online. (2016).Woolworths Online. Retrieved 5 September 2016, from https://www.woolworths.com.au.

What Is Mercantilism Essay Example

What Is Mercantilism Essay What is mercantilism? According to the definition in the America Past and Present history book is an economic theory that shaped imperial policy thought out the colonial period, mercantilism was built on the assumption that the world’s wealth was a fixed supply. In order to increase its wealth, a nation needed to export more goods than it imported. Favorable trade and protective economic policies, as well as new colonial possessions rich in raw materials, were important in achieving this balance. During the reign of Charles II English policy makers assumed they established a well-integrated set of concepts about the nature of international commerce and a carefully planned out set of mercantilist government policies to implement them. However, they only were interested in solving their own problems. Since there wasn’t laws or anything to regulate these groups their needs lead to the rise of the English commercial regulations. The Navigation Act was passed in 1660 which stated that no ship could trade in the colonies unless it had been constructed in either England or America and carried a crew that was at least 75% English and that certain enumerated goods of great value that were not produced in England could be transported from the colonies only to an English or another colonial port. Thru out the years more and more regulations were set the last major legislation came in 1696. This statute tightened enforcement procedures putting pressure specifically on the colonial governors to keep England’s competitors out of American ports. American colonials thought they were in unity with England that would later prove false. We will write a custom essay sample on What Is Mercantilism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What Is Mercantilism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What Is Mercantilism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Do Children Need Discipline Professor Ramos Blog

Do Children Need Discipline Reanna Saldivar English 102H 17 June 2018 Proper Discipline   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Obnoxious driving; explicit language in public; children screaming inside of the cart at Walmart; a giant mess of trash left on a table in the food court; no eye contact as children’s eyes are glued to electronics avoiding any physical social interaction. The first instinct is, who raised these children? The assumption is if rules or discipline were applied to these children, they would not act this way. No restrictions on the new generation that develops as fast as technology evolves causes parents to lose track of teaching and allow them to do whatever is desired. According to research, millennial moms are taking the less structured approach on discipline; rather they are being involved with the digital media age and focusing their lives around it, cutting attention to their children’s being and focusing on what pictures to post for other people to see. (â€Å"Resilience Parenting†) .   Ã‚  Ã‚  What is discipline? Discipline is defined as the practice of correcting behavior. It provides security of helping a child achieve the skills necessary to become responsible, mature adults. The ultimate goal of discipline is to be set as a foundation to help create good behavior and contribute to their well being. Benefits from discipline include the ability to manage emotions and anxiety, safety, and to make better choices. Discipline is crucial part in child development, making it stressful and worrisome to ensure that parenting is demanding, tricky road. (Regaldo, et al.). The future are in the hands of the â€Å"rudest generation† otherwise known as the millennial children; the standard for behavior of individuals begins with the household/parents that raise them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  In a nutshell, parenting styles are broken down into four unique types; each style has has a different characteristics and approaches with how discipline is enforced. The first style is authoritarian parent; punishments are used instead of discipline in order for their children to repent for their mistakes. Infamous reasons behind discipline include â€Å"because I said so† and â€Å" my way or the highway† (Morin). Rules and consequences are often created with a bias parent view, involving no concern for child’s opinion. Children part of this environment are at higher risk for self-esteem issues, become more aggressive, and often develop the trait of lying to avoid punishment. Child obedience like behavior creates a big cost for parents’ rules. The second style is authoritative parent; positive relationship is maintained with child along with reasoning behind all rules. (Morin). The child’s feelings are taken into account when setting consequences and adults maintain respective authority. Children are researched as more responsible and successful in this environment. The third style is permissive parent whereas rules are set but rarely enforced; child will learn the best on their own with only little involvement from parents. â€Å"Kids will be kids† approach is often used to justify child’s behavior; parents are quite lenient as they tackle the friend relationship role with their child (Morin). Children who grow up in this environment often struggle academically and with their self esteem as they do not appreciate authority. The last style is uninvolved, meaning little to no guidance on their children. Children are expected to raise themselves due to whatever personal circumstance caused the parent to lack knowledge about their child. (Morin) Barely any rules are set, child is allowed immense freedom, however parents favor this approach to avoid any conflicts with their child. (Lee) Children with uninvolved parents struggle with self esteem, lack of manners, and perform poorly in school; uninvolved parenting leads to the potential inability of child to navigate through relationships or challenges in life. Each parenting style impacts discipline pattern in child’s life; authoritative parenting style is researched to be the most effective for having a more structural relationship between child and parent. (Brennan)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Parents struggle with how to discipline in accordance to child’s personality; parenting is adjusted to what style and disciplinary actions they desire them to be. Disciplinary methods must match parenting style or else distrust and conflicts begin to flood. (Laskey) The top six disciplinary methods are, natural consequences, non-negotiable arguments, scolding, withholding child privileges, time out , and spanking (Sifferlin). Each are proven to be the most effective strategies to stop undesired behavior at their own pace.   The American Academy of Pediatrics favors natural consequences, child learning on their own; for example, if a child continuously throws food on the floor, he/she will learn that the food is longer edible to eat, allowing the child to choose to change his/her ways. â€Å"Non-negotiable† arguments using responses when a child cries that an action is â€Å"unfair†; responses may be a simple â€Å"I know† or along those line s to demonstrate that the parent is standing on firm ground with their decision. Scolding may be a necessity when demanding a child’s attention but must not be used with physical threats or causing any humiliation for the child, otherwise it becomes inadequate. Withholding privileges should be along the lines of valued items or action of the child, not anything obscured like a meal.   Time out is viewed as a efficient way to allow a child to properly hand anger and reflect upon their behavior; position a time out area in a corner in a chair or another area where there are no distractions such as toys. The most controversial disciplinary method is spanking; the American Academy of Pediatrics do not recommend this method although is still popularly used. Connotations of spanking may stop bad behavior immediately in the moment but come along with longer consequences of teaching aggression. Methods are all commonly used but there are guidelines to depict what good effective dis cipline consists of with, contrary to popular belief that spanking is ranked the least with the most negative outcomes. Maintaining authoritative discipline style creates emotional, long term benefits for the child, although there is difficulty to assert repetitive authority. Certain tips have be minimized to ensure help for creating an efficient plan for disciplining a child. First, decide what techniques fit your child’s temperament and needs. Each child has a different personality that best fits with different techniques, choose a plan that won’t completely change your child as a whole. Second, at an open time, discuss the disciplinary plan with your child and the reasoning behind it; attempt to do this at the earliest age possible to become consistent with disciplinary plans throughout childhood.   Do not discuss it once a child is in trouble, otherwise anger is control of punishment. Make sure fore a mutual understanding between child and parent the technique so there aren’t any arguments later about it. Third, always maintain respect; treat the child just as equally as you desire them to treat you. Apologize when things get out of hand, itll help the child have more respect for the parent. Fourth, consistency is the key factor to sustain goals of discipline; in other words, do not cave into any bad behavior because of not wanting to implement rules. Lastly, most important concept is to not overreact to child’s behavior. A child is development and constantly changing that certain components such as stress or lost of sleep may cause temporary mood swings. With each step being done, it can create success in achieving the a parent to achieve their ultimate goal for their child with discipline. Annotated Bibliography Regalado, Michael, et al. â€Å"Parents Discipline of Young Children: Results From the National Survey of Early Childhood Health.† Pediatrics, American Academy of Pediatrics, 1 June 2004, pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/113/Supplement_5/1952.full. The article examines the different disciplinary practices that are commonly used to provide the impact and or effect on a child’s upbringing and development. Each method was analysis from data to provide insight about the positives and negatives among each. The organization is the American Academy of   Pediatrics which specializes in children’s health, establishing credibility in knowledge of child internal development. I will use the material as data among each disciplinary method to establish my credibility upon my research. Sifferlin, Alexandra. â€Å"Best Ways to Discipline Kids.† Time, Time, 10 July 2015, time.com/3949328/disciplining-kids/. The article examines the eight methods of discipline for children. Each method is provided with expert insight to demonstrate effectiveness along with the negative long term impacts upon the child. The article itself was under Time research along with experts to comment under each method, establishing credibility among research. I will use this article to provide context among the common methods used to discipline children. Brennan, Dan. â€Å"Parents, Kids, and Discipline.† WebMD, WebMD, 5 Dec. 2017, www.webmd.com/parenting/guide/discipline-tactics#1. The article composes of research among   key factors to good child behavior, effective disciplinary methods, and guidelines to effective parenting. The article emphasizes the basis of trust between parent and child needed in order for the child to listen and learn more. The authors of the article have a MD, it also has three references of sources from American Academy of Pediatrics: Parenting Corner QA: Discipline, Parenting Corner QA: Disobedience.American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry: Discipline. and National Mental Health Association. I will use the article to establish how the relationship between parent and child impact the influence and or teaching from discipline. â€Å"Effective Discipline.† Advances in Pediatrics., U.S. National Library of Medicine, 9 Jan. 2004, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2719514/. The article describes how great of an impact effective discipline can cause in child development. It provides context on the different methods of discipline as well as the overall goal of it. The article is created from 15 different resources of publishers of book on discipline or those who study in the field of child development. I will use the article to further demonstrate the serious impact discipline has on child development, from internal issues to behavior. Laskey, B. J., and S. Cartwright†Hatton. â€Å"Parental Discipline Behaviours and Beliefs about Their Child: Associations with Child Internalizing and Mediation Relationships.† Freshwater Biology, Wiley/Blackwell (10.1111), 15 June 2009, onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1365-2214.2009.00977.x. The article goes into emphasizing common themes of internal problems that run among families, as many struggle to find the root or cause of the problem. However, individuals did not consider about parental discipline that may cause anxiety and internal problems for children. The author is the writer of the book â€Å" Child: Care, Health, and Development†, which is directly researched upon how adolescents are impacted by their environment making it safe to assume that the author conducted much research in the field of child development. I will use the article to maximize the fact that children are strongly affected by the way they are disciplined, as well as the parents too. Morin, Amy, and Steven Gans. â€Å"4 Types of Parenting Styles and Their Effects on Kids.† Verywell Family, Verywellfamily, 29 Mar. 2018, www.verywellfamily.com/types-of-parenting-styles-1095045. The article consists of research among the four common types of parenting uninvolved, authoritarian, permissive, and authoritative. Each is categorized with their effects on child development as well as informing the desired audience (parents) about which category their parenting falls under. The article is constructed by four different sources that specialize in discipline and parenting, as well as been reviewed by a professor at Harvard medical school, making it an unbiased review. I will use the articles to provide context on the four main styles of parenting and their effects. Lee, Katherine. â€Å"Find out Why Children Need Discipline.† Verywell Family, Verywellfamily, 22 Mar. 2018, www.verywellfamily.com/surprising-reasons-why-we-need-to-discipline-children-620115. The article evaluates the concept of â€Å"what is discipline?† It brings up the topic about what is the true goal and impact to why we discipline children.

5 Ways to Jumpstart Your Career in the New Year

5 Ways to Jumpstart Your Career in the New Year It’s a new year. This is the time when everybody takes stock of where they are in their life and career, which means a shockingly high percentage of American workers will decide to look for a new job this month. But†¦maybe we don’t need to be so hasty. It could be that your job is not the problem, there are just a few more things you could be doing to further your progress in your career. Try these five things before making any drastic changes. Who knows, you might realize you’re happier than you thought right where you are.1. Have coffee with your bossRather than wait for an annual appraisal, find time to grab a quick and casual cup of coffee with your manager or supervisor, or even the big boss- if appropriate- from time to time. You’ll express your keenness to develop and succeed, and get a better sense of what you could be doing to improve and grow. Plus you’ll be on the radar as someone sharp and hungry to move up the ladder, which no doub t will be remembered come review time.2. Stay in the familyMost companies prefer to promote from within. So why not keep an eye on positions up the ladder, or even in different departments, that might be suitable for you? If you’re not feeling challenged or rewarded enough, you can always approach your manager or HR rep about possibilities for moving within the company to a more mutually beneficial position.3. Ask about  trainingMost companies have programs for training their employees in new skills and software. If your current job isn’t giving you enough room to develop, why not ask your manager or supervisor if there are any training opportunities they could consider you for? It’s a win-win situation for you both. They get a better trained, more qualified employee; you get free education that will serve you throughout your whole career.4. Get mentoredDon’t just suck up to your boss. Find someone in the company whom you admire and ask if they might me ntor you. They’ll probably be flattered, and you’ll learn valuable things that can help you grow professionally, or even give you a boost up to the next rung of the ladder.5. Remain positiveSuccess begets success. If you want more recognition for the good work you are doing, consider noticing the good work of your co-workers and congratulating them on a job well done. At very least, you’ll build a positive, success-inducing work environment. At best, they will return the favor. Everybody wins.

Constitutional Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Constitutional Law - Essay Example The history of constitutional law in the UK goes far back to 1689, the year in which the English Bill of Rights was passed. This bill curtailed the royal family’s legality to superimpose its will on the parliament – its unlawful suspension and imposing taxes through it. The then King William III and Queen Mary took an oath that they would obey the laws enacted by the parliament. The other important laws passed were the 1689 Toleration Act – promoting religious toleration and the 1694 Triennial Act – obstructing the king from dissolving the parliament and upholding of general elections after three years. These laws provide a background on the present sovereign status of British Parliament and its upper hand over English courts. (Magna Carta, 1215 - 1689 English Bill of Rights) (http://www.legalserviceindia.com/constitution/const_uk.htm) Albert Dicey, in his book Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution (1885) has exposed the supremacy of Parliament thus: "Parliament... has... the right to make or unmake any law whatever; and further, that no person or body is recognised by the law of England as having a right to override or set aside the legislation of Parliament." The implications of this school of thought envisaged the supremacy of parliament to make laws. It provided for the future parliamentarians to override an earlier law and it was a prerogative of the Parliament only to make, amend and formulate new laws. Although the Act of the Union of 1707 created ambiguity regarding its application in Scotland and some members of Scottish jury disagreed with it in principle. It becomes clear in Lord Copper’s judgement in the case MacCormick v. Lord Advocate in 1953. "It is often said that it would be unconstitutional for the United Kingdom Parliament to do certain things, †¦If Parliament chose to do any of them the courts would not hold the Act of Parliament invalid." But the actual picture was quite different. In 2004 when the

Zhang Xin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Zhang Xin - Essay Example Zhang use of these colors on his artwork symbolizes the unity of the human beings which he relates with history. The dark colors on the painting reflect painter’s idea of preventing access to the past and by incorporating such colors and war materials such as armor, horses, and swords into his work, Zhang directly engages the observer with the question of history and memory, reality and truth (Honour and Fleming). I like Zhang artwork because through his paintings, he exposes more information about history as well as bringing about memories of truth and reality. Colors and materials incorporated into the paintings say more about the â€Å"vexed subject† of history. The idea drawn from the pictures is relevant because it helps me understand history more vividly. One thing that does not escape from Zhang painting is his ability to connect his artwork with the great events happening throughout history and the entire view of the world. The attached paint of two cocks fighting elucidates the painter’s genuine creativity whose receptiveness influences a broader range of studies. The fighting cocks expresses strength, majesty and perhaps dynamic forces of the stronger. Just the green color symbolizes healing and perseverance, probably the paint stands for the injustices and oppression of the weak. However, as mentioned earlier, Zhang paintings concentrated on humanity and connectedness with

Reflective Account Essay Example for Free

Reflective Account Essay This seemed to keep his mind off worrying about were his wife or daughter was and stopped him from wanting to walk about the ward. After a while the patient asked if he could lie down for a while, and I explained that this was ok. I lowered the bed for the patient as low as it would go, to prevent the patient from falling or injuring himself while climbing into the bed. By doing this I was following the guidelines set out by the health and safety at work act 1972 and carrying out risk assessments to prevent harm to myself or others. Once the patient had got into the bed safely I put the bed side up to prevent him from falling out while he was sleeping, I then gave him his buzzer. Before leaving the room I asked the patient if he would like the room door left open or closed over, by doing this I was promoting the patients right to choice and individuality. I then left the room and closed the door as the patient had requested, and told the staff nurse in charge of him, that he was now sleeping, and that I had emptied his catheter bag and updated the fluid balance chart. I had to tell the staff nurse that I had left the room, so that if anything happened they knew that I was not there, as I would be accountable for it. Being accountable for my actions is one of the NMC code of conduct and is in line with professional accountability. I think that this task was very fulfilling as I was able to help other staff around me, as well as keep a patient calm. I enjoyed talking to the patient and found it very interesting. It also allowed me to practice keeping patient’s charts up to date. References

Portrayal of Masculinity in Art Essay -- Essays Papers

Portrayal of Masculinity in Art According to several versions of the Webster dictionaries, the word â€Å"masculinity† refers to the characteristics of being masculine, manly, male stereotypes, having or occurring in a stressed final syllable , having the final chord occurring on a strong beat , of or forming the formal, active, or generative principle of the cosmos. The word â€Å"masculinity† overall reflects the stereotype of men being a strong force, in music chords or in general. Looking into Brett Eberhardt’s drawing, â€Å"Introduction†, the thought of sexuality barely crossed my mind. After talking to Mr. Eberhardt about his choice to draw a self-portrait, he stated that he wanted to depict a human, male or female. It just so happens that he draws himself best. Eberhardt’s drawing is nostalgic in the depiction of curiosity. The suggestion of curiosity plays with many topics that range from childish curiosity to sexual curiosity. So I wondered how his piece might be considered a masculine drawing and how masculinity has been portrayed...

Anaerobic respiration in yeast Essay

AIM: See the effect of temperature in anaerobic respiration of yeast by counting carbon dioxide bubbles. HYPHOTESIS: Anaerobic respiration in yeast will decrease as temperature increases. VARIABLES: Independent: Temperature Dependent: Rate of anaerobic respiration in yeast Fix: Volume of sugar solution (40ml) , Concentration of sugar solution, yeast mass (2g), volume of solution of yeast & sugar all together (20ml) MATERIALS: Delivering tube 2 test tubes 2 beakers Bunsen Burner Tap Water Thermometer ( ±0.1 °) Electronic Balance Spatula Sugar Solution Yeast Water Measuring Cylinder PROCEDURE: 1. Measure 40 ml of sugar solution with the measuring tube. Place the 40 ml on the big beaker 2. Measure 2 g of yeast using the electric balance. Place the 2 g on the beaker with the sugar solution 3. Stir the yeast-sugar solution (Solution A) using the glass stick until the yeast has completely dissolved 4. Separate Solution A into two 20 ml solutions (Solution A1 and Solution A2). To do so, measure 20 ml with the measuring tube and place them on a small beaker. Repeat the procedure with the other 20 ml. 5. Prepare a water bath on the Styrofoam cup. Using the thermomether, make sure the water bath has a temperature of 45 °C. 6. Light the Bunsen burner. Heat solution A1 to a temperature of 40 °C 7. Using the measuring cylinder, measure 15 ml of Solution A1 and place them on one of the boiling tubes. Cover the boiling tube with the delivery tube and place the other end of the delivery tube into a test tube which contains tap water 8. Count the number of CO2 bubbles  coming out of the delivery tube. Record the number of bubbles which came out each minute (checking time with the stopwatch) 9. Repeat from step 5 with Solution A2, but this time heat the solution up to a temperature of 100 °C instead of 40 °C. CONCLUSION: We may realize that our aim was successfully achieved because we  were able to know the effect of anaerobic respiration in yeast in 2 temperatures: 40 ° & a boiling temperature (90 °-100 °). If we see our results we may see that in test tube B, the one with the boiling water, hasn?t produced CO2 bubbles, there is no bubbles because yeast is boiled, so yeast don’t breath because when it was boiled it was killed, that causes yeast to not to breath. By looking at the formula of anaerobic respiration in fungi (yeast) & bacteria: We can see that yeast contains glucose, because if the product is CO2 , the have to contain glucose. If we see graph 1 we can see that the line that indicates de results for water at 40 ° is increasing as time passes. As I already mentioned, at a boiling temperature yeast don’t breath so we can say that as temperature increases less CO2 bubbles are produced, so less respiration is done by yeast. EVALUATION: One way in which we may improve the experiment is by doing different ranges of temperatures, & changing the volume of yeast it would be interesting for another experiment. One of the main source of uncertainty in this experiment is the observer because if you confuse the number of bubbles the results may be different, in another way the observer could be the source of uncertainty is by when reading the thermometer placed into the water, you may confuse and the results will not be the same because yeast will be placed in another temperature.

A Comparison of a Nuclear and Extended family

Modern day families have evolved over time. In the UK today many types of families exist, from the single parent family to families with fostered or adopted children. This essay will focus predominately on the ‘extended' and ‘nuclear' family structures that I have encountered. I will compare and contrast the framework of these by discussing the inter-relationships within my own extended family. I shall also discuss the different ways of rearing and caring for children and show how the roles of parent and child continue to evolve. Typically a nuclear family can be defined as a unit, which consists of a father, mother, and at least one child. This structure is found in almost all societies although the period in which it remains in this form varies. An extended family, while incorporating the nuclear family pattern is a wider grouping of relatives that characteristically spans three or more generations without the restriction of living under one roof. (Nobbs et al 1989) – See appendix 1. Research has shown (Fletcher, 1966) that families in lower socio-economic groups involved in semi skilled or manual jobs (working class) are less likely to move for work or educational reasons than those of a nuclear family. This means that they are more likely to be a part of a long established extended family. Nuclear families in contrast are more prevalent in higher socio-economic groups, (white collar), often employed in managerial, administrative and professional jobs. These families are more likely to relocate away from relatives and family friends for higher salaries and better jobs prospects. Nuclear and extended families continually re-size and re-model themselves and the changes that this brings can significantly alter the lives of the children. My own family, for example has changed since the 1960's when I was part of an extended family surrounded by aunts, uncles, cousins, grandparents, and great-grandparents. Neighbours were also considered as family because they lived in the same four storey Victorian house as us. Affection, duty and common interests closely connected us. Additionally, the daily contact was helpful and welcoming in that it offered practical support and comfort in times of stress concerning childrearing, financial help, problem solving and child-care. These were all advantages of belonging to an extended family. In contrast, as a parent in a nuclear family, we now live away from relatives and while able to gain emotional support by telephone and letter, the distance makes practical support difficult. It is noticeable that changes in traditional patterns of family life in the UK have been taking place in the last half century. The advent of more efficient methods of contraception since the 1960's have led to families having fewer children, compounding the trend for smaller family units (Beaver et al, 1995). My extended family has dissolved through the loss of my parents' relatives and friends through death or relocation. It now equates more closely to a nuclear family model, where I live with my children forming a small group with no other relatives living with them or close by, symbolic of what is occurring in the U. K. today. According to Henwood, et al, (1987) both extended and nuclear families in society are expected to provide many functions. Most important is their duties to provide for the needs of children, as the young are unable to care for themselves, and through their growing years require guidance. The family teaches children values, rules for behaviour and a common language providing the most basic environment for children to learn the culture of the society of which they are a part. Peers, schools and the media have a strong influence as children grow older, but the basic foundations are learnt within the family. The provision of this quality of care today by others outside the family unit would prove very costly and often be less effective. (Woodhead, et al, 1988) Families provide children with name and create a position in society for them. The family portrays a sense of belonging and a feeling of value. This feeling of worth is important to a child's development. I work with special needs children, or whom 50% have no strong family relationships. These children are, understandably, emotionally unstable. Children need a family to meet their needs for love, affection, company and security. In the U. K. today family life is regarded as paramount for emotional and social well-being of a child, and much emphasis is put on social services such as fostering and adoption for providing continuity to a child's up-bringing. ( Barnes, 1995) Economic support varies between families. Both the extended and nuclear family are economic units, however, in the U. K. family members are no longer totally dependent on each other for economic survival. The state provides an economic safety net through State benefits that prevent starvation and destitution reminiscent of the past. (Vasta, et al, 1995) The differences between extended and nuclear groups determine how these functions are carried out. Children in extended families can be seen to have the opportunity to develop and experience a wide variety of relationships, as relatives constantly surround them. However, these children, as in my case, are unable to experience privacy or personal space that they often yearn for as the regular presence of relatives and other children obstruct any opportunity. A feeling of constant pampering and scrutiny by others breeds a need to please a larger number of people, thus causing long-term affects of anxiety, in not being able to act on one's own initiative or actions. Recollections of my own upbringing are ones of confusion, never knowing who to listen to, or who was right. Discipline was not consistent among all my carers in the family. This often resulted in myself falling foul to different codes of behaviour being upheld by different adults. Studies by Farmer (1979) has shown that, particularly among the extended working-class families, there is considerable relationship of dependence and mutual aid between the wife of a family and her own mother. It goes on to point out that that the re-housing of young working-class families in ‘New Towns', thus creating a nuclear unit, at a distance from ‘Mum' suddenly presented young wives with a disquieting independence, finding themselves forced to act on their own initiative. This caused emotional upset, as this was a responsibility unaccustomed to them. It is important, therefore, in some areas that the extended family stays intact. The fathers in a ‘mother- centred' family often have little real authority with which to play out their expected role as head of the household and form strong relationships instead with work colleagues. Sons often follow their father's footsteps into the same profession, often working side by side with them, forming the same strong bonds between father and son, as the daughters accomplish with their mothers. Children tend to have more playmates that are cousins, and the older ones are frequently called upon to care for siblings within the extended family. Close relationships within an extended group have their value, but they can also be limiting, confining, frustrating, so that the loosening of ties for some people at any rate, may constitute a desirable improvement in lifestyle. Family living in close proximity tend to disrupt each other's' personal goals in life and get in each other's way emotionally and socially (Duck, 1992). In comparison children growing up in a nuclear family tend to experience closer relationships with their parents. They can receive a lot of individual attention and have more space and privacy. However, at times, they may also feel isolated in that they have fewer relatives to turn to in times of parental and/or sibling confrontation so encouraging relationships with friends and neighbours also. The nuclear family promotes freedom and independence. It allows for the qualities of maturity and self-reliance in individuals. Husbands and wives share equal status within the nuclear group, enjoying a relationship based increasingly upon mutuality of consideration. They appear to be democratically managed, where both parents tend to include the children in arriving at any family decisions. Parents have more time for each other and their children receive a greater degree of attention, effort and expectation from relationships concentrated within this unit. Significantly children of nuclear families form the basis of their beliefs surrounding relationships from these encounters. The stress and harmony levels that they contain can considerably affect the characteristics of social relationships with peers. Duck, 1992). The parental roles within extended families tend to be more complicated but clearly structured by gender. The mother concentrates on expressive gestures, giving warmth, comfort, care and performing all of the household chores while the father provides financial security, upholds discipline and undertakes household tasks that require more physical strength. The boys and girls are set tasks, which usually follow the roles of the respective parent. For example, girls will help in the kitchen while boys will help clean the car. The nuclear family in contrast seems to show much more flexibility in these roles where less importance is placed on the specific roles of parents and children and more is channelled towards a family team effort. When the children are young the father often takes on more domestic, traditional household, and childcare roles, only relinquishing them as they grow up. Often the parents of nuclear units both work, and do not enjoy the day-to-day practical support seen within an extended family. As teenagers the children often take responsibility for tasks in their parent's absence. Herbst, 1960) The nuclear family can however, come under stress without the support of a larger family network that can act as child minders or mediators, and it could be argued that this causes the fragility, which often leads to the unit quickly disintegrating should confrontation between the parents, becomes rife. This inevitably causes a great deal of emotional upset and economic strain. In the UK between 30% and 50% of nuclear families experience this causing divorce rates to remain high (Bruce et al, 1999), prompting the suggestion that ambition and dreams are often the key drivers in this type of family. Nowadays, nearly 50% of the work force in the U. K is female, although, the younger the child determines whether women work full or part time (Donnellan, 1991). This in itself probably reflects on the distinct absence of affordable child-care for younger children. As already mentioned childcare among extended families is not normally a problem as other members and sometimes-older children provide the care needed when the mother has to hold down a job. (Allan, 1979) With the comparisons and contrasts of the nuclear and extended family units in mind it is important to also consider the parental styles adopted. The mix of rearing practices used by parents and, where relevant other family members, is strongly debated among child psychologists for the positive and negative effects that they have on the behaviour of children. Baumrind (1972) and more recently Grusec and Lytton (1988) identified three models of parenting, authoritarian, permissive and authoritative, with which parents and other adult family members rear children. In the authoritarian model absolute standards are used to control a child's behaviour with obedience and punishment being paramount. Invariably physical and emotional blackmail are adopted. The child's behaviour as a result alternates between aggressive, moody, and irritable and often induces a vulnerability to stress. Contrastingly, permissive parents register few demands or expectations for a mature independent behaviour, often condoning bad behaviour through lack of good communication. The child, as a result lacks self-control, and shows aggressive and impulsive traits attached to a low self- esteem. The authoritative style produces energetic and friendly children as at the core lay clear communication within a warm, responsive and fair model. The child's wishes are always considered yet those who are disobedient are kept in check. This leads to a child that copes with stress well and has a co-operative and self-reliant outlook on life. Minimal evidence can be found to determine which of these styles of parenting are dominant in any particular family structure, but inevitably it would be fashioned by how the parents were themselves raised. From experience of working in a secondary school that accommodates a high percentage of children from working class, and probably extended families, it is noticeable that their children show many of the visual signs associated with the authoritarian style. Often their behaviour is aggressive and they appear unhappy and stressed with life. Importantly, from a teaching perspective it is essential to be aware of the specific family structure when dealing with a child. To be able to work effectively with children and families alike it must be remembered, whatever the family type, the family forms a central part of any child's life. We should be deterred from stereotyping families in order to best assist children in their education. In summary this essay has compared and contrasted nuclear and extended families and identified the roles and relationships that are prevalent among the more conventional of these family structures. Personal reflections have been included, where relevant, to add realism. It has explained how family life has evolved in recent times and given an insight into the parenting styles adopted and the effect they have had on the child.

My Mother Said I Never Should Essays

My Mother Said I Never Should Essays My Mother Said I Never Should Essay My Mother Said I Never Should Essay Essay Topic: Play When looking for my contemporary monologue I at first wasnt sure what kind of monologue I wanted, I knew I wanted one which showed quite a bit of emotion but as to which monologue I should of chose I was stuck on. I eventually found one monologue its called my mother said I never should by Charlotte Keatley. The play is about difficult relationships between mothers and daughters. It goes forwards and backwards between 1905 and 1987. It shows the lives of four generations of women, their loves, expectations and choices throughout their lives. They are set against the huge social changes on the twentieth century. In the scene from which my monologue came from it is in 1987, Jackie is in her mid-thirties and she runs an art gallery in manchester. She has a very successful life but has a very painful secret. In the the early seventies at the age of nineteen she gave birth to an illegitimate daughter Rosie. She couldnt handle the demands of single parenthood after Rosies father moved away with another woman. She then had to give Rosie up under pressure from her mother, and so she was brought up by her grandparents. Another example would be that Jackies career and opportunity for the future couldve been destroyed because she fell pregnant with Neils baby, and soon after, Neil abandons her. The message the playwright was trying to put across is the how the unique bonds between mothers and daughters survives behind closed doors, and how secrecy may slowly destroy a family. The practical problems I foresaw in performing this play were being able to mentally as well as physically change myself into a female child, teenager, adult or old woman. I also found it challenging to be able to relate to each character and infuse a little part of my personality to each of them. I found I had these problems because I have not experienced some of the things the characters within the play had done. I managed to overcome this by remembering certain plays/television programmes/films I have seen that cover the certain subjects that each character was going through, for example when Jackie fell pregnant, I thought of Lolita by Stanley Kubrick when Lolita falls pregnant at 16/17.

6 Steps to Accepting a Job Offer With Professionalism

6 Steps to Accepting a Job Offer With Professionalism All right! After rounds of applications, interviewing, and your very best professional behavior, you have a job offer. The company liked it, and now they want to put a ring on it. How you react to this offer can really set the tone for your tenure as the newest employee of JobCorp, so be sure to play it the right way. 1 .  Say thank you.Even though you’ve already sent a thank-you note to everyone whose inbox you touched through this hiring process (you have sent those notes, right?), you still need to thank whoever is extending you the offer. It could be your new manager or it could be a Human Resources hiring specialist you’ll never see again, except at company-wide pizza parties. Regardless, extend a hearty â€Å"thanks,† and be sure to tell them how excited you are about discussing the offer further.2.  If it’s not in writing, get a paper trail.Some companies like the personal touch of calling candidates to extend an offer. This is usually followed by a confirmation email or letter, but it’s on you to make sure that step is forthcoming. It can be as easy as saying, â€Å"Great, thanks so much! Will you be sending me the details and next steps in an email?† That way, you have all the necessary details after you start to come down from the I got the job euphoria.3.  Make sure you understand the timeline.It’s okay to ask how long you have to give a final answer. You don’t win anything for responding in record time, and employers expect that there will be some negotiation happening. If the answer is that you need to answer immediately, that’s not a great sign- a day or two is a very reasonable request for making such a big decision.4.  Get ready to negotiate.Once you have the details about salary, benefits, and job description, decide whether they work for you. This is your chance to bump up your offer package. You may or may not be successful depending on what you’re asking and what t he company can give, but having realistic asks ready to go will help keep things moving.5.  Once you’re ready to say yes, make sure all details are clear.Reiterate (in writing if possible- remember the paper trail) the details of the offer, including salary, start date, and any points that you negotiated. From a legal standpoint, it makes everything clear, but that doesn’t mean you should see this as an adversarial thing where you’re likely to see your new employer in court someday. Really, it’s just as much for your own benefit, to make sure you have everything straight in your own head. That way, there are no nasty surprises on day one.6. After you say yes, start asking transition questions.Is there an orientation for new employees? Do you need to fill any paperwork out before you start? Can you get your million dollar signing bonus in gold coins? (That one’s assuming the negotiation went really well.) It shows that you’re already a full y engaged employee, and it will keep you excited for your new start as you prepare to say goodbye to your current job.

In what ways was the Ottoman Empire different to its West European Essay

In what ways was the Ottoman Empire different to its West European counterparts - Essay Example During the reign of Muhammad II that lasted between 1451 and 1481, Ottoman Empire was actively involved in absorbing other states. Within this period Ottoman Empire was able to end all the other local Turkish dynasties hence becoming the superpowers of the region. With such a heavy backing from the fact that they had no dynasties to compete with, Ottoman Empire’s expansion started under Osman I, Orkhan, Murad I, and Beyazid I, which happened at the expense of numerous other empires such as Byzantine, Serbia, and Bulgaria. Due to pressure from Ottoman, another active and strong empire, Bursa fell in 1326, which was followed by the fall of Adrianople in 1261 (Said, 1978). Amazing, besides ensuring that these two (Bursa and Adrianople) empires fell, Ottoman Empire mocked them by making them the capital of the empire in turns that is, when Bursa fell it was made the capital and later on Adrianople was made the capital of the empire after its fall (Dale, 2010). This marked the begi nning of expansion for Ottoman Empire, which continuously grew and developed through taking over other Turkish dynasties or empires. Period of Great Expansion Through Muhammad I, Ottoman Empire was united against other empires. Muhammad I strongly believed that the only way of expanding of the empire was to take over other empires that surrounded Ottoman Empire. Consequently, many empires were victims of such strategy thus marking the initial stage of the â€Å"Great Expansion† (Dale, 2010). Amongst the taking over that occurred during the period of Great Expansion include victory at Varna and the 1453 capture of Constantinople. It is amazing how Ottomans changed from nomads to being the heirs of most ancient existing empire within Europe (Palmer, 1992). The weakness and disunity of the adversaries that competed and surrounded Ottoman Empire was a great step in enhancing the empire’s success. In addition, Ottoman through Muhammad I created a well-organized military gro up, which ensured that all the captures and take over was successfully done (Dale, 2010). Their military organization was considered superior to all the other surrounding dynasties (Said, 1978). Surprisingly, such military organizations consisted of mainly Christians who were not only corps of Janissaries but also volunteers who were ready to fight for their empire (Dale, 2010). With such beautifully organized military organization, Ottoman was able to continuously expand until the 16th century where the expansion and growth of the empire reached its peak. Defeating the Hungarian in 1526 gave Ottoman Empire a boost and confidence in more capture and take-over especially the 1541 capture of Buda as well as taking in of major part of Hungary that form Ottoman’s empire. Continuous capturing and taking over of different dynasties led to the opening up of the empire’s boundaries into Persia and Arabia; a factor that enhanced the strength within the region. During the reign of Selim I, more dynasties were defeated giving opportunity and strength for the expansion and growth of Ottoman Empire. In 1535 when Sulayman I started his reign, the empire continued to capture and take over more empires in a bid to being the heir

Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) Report Essay

Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) Report - Essay Example Keep it simple when it comes to developing the content. Keep it non-legal. When writing the assignment, assume that you are talking to the CEO of software or manufacturing company. Thus, including only important aspects of IPR that are useful for them. For each of the following aspects of your report, decide which statement best describes your achievement of the criteria and use this to determine a mark. A range of marks is associated with each statement. For example, if you think that ‘The overall structure of your report is logical. Information is for the most part organised in well constructed sections and paragraphs.’ best describes your achievement under Organisation of material, the range of available marks is between 60 and 69. If you think you have fully achieved at this level you can award yourself a mark of 68 or 69. If you feel that you have mostly achieved at this level, you might give yourself a mark of 64 or 65. And if you have only just reached this level of achievement give yourself a mark of 60. Please note that this self-assessment does not affect the actual marks that will be awarded by the tutor. The purpose is to discover how far your perception of your achievement matches the marks that are assigned by the

Operating Risk Management Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Operating Risk Management - Term Paper Example This caution would not only save their client, but it would also save the personnel or employees they will use in the project. Tetra Tech’s Task Initiation Procedure (TIP) requires that before a project is undertaken all risk associated with the project are known, understood and the management of these risk are defined and detailed (Fletcher and Newell). The Task Initiation Procedure based on the RFP (request for proposal) is conducted even before a bid for the project is put together. Short of coming up with an actual project plan or implementation plan of the project from start-up to its completion the TIP will detail the resources needed as well as the materiel that will be needed by the project. Another aspect of Tetra Tech’s unique risk management strategy is also to stop and suspend the project when it encounters an unknown variable that was not included in the project plan prepared at the onset of the project a re-assessment and re-evaluation of the risk base on the new variable is conducted. This unique aspect of Tetra Tech’s operation sometimes led to a renegotiation of the project. However, this practice has avoided near misses and potential disasters for the client, stakeholders and even the project resource that Tetra Tech is using. An essential component of an effective risk management is being prepared for all known risks, and being prepared to handle unknown risks. The employees of Tetra Tech have appreciated the fact that the TIP is not a rigid mandatory requirement but a strict guideline that allows project manager to tailor fit their requirement to the uniqueness of their individual project. The innovation contributed by each employee to the TIP make the employees feel that they own the risk management and compliance process of Tetra Tech. Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 with regards to risk assessment and risk management in the context of good corporate governance (Lahti, Peterson and Lanza) used the COSO (committee of Sponsor ing Organization of the Treadway Commission) model that identifies an Eight Framework Component in managing risks (Moeller). Tetra Tech has an Internal Environment that is geared towards risk management specifically its operating impetus to â€Å"plan to address the risk before execution†. Not only is this enshrined in their operation it is how they do business. For Tetra Tech, the successful risk free implementation of the project that is according to plan is the objective. The TIP in itself is the Event Identification and Risk assessment. The implementation plan is the risk response and the Control and Monitoring activities are the three layers of audit it conducts (Peer review, executive review and compliance audit). Information and Communication is enshrined in the feedback mechanism that would include lessons learned that strengthened the knowledge base of Tetra Tech. Tetra Tech even exceeds the requirement of established Risk Assessment and Management frameworks. Elabor ate on risk assessment in the task initiation procedure and oversight Process The risk analysis of Tetra Tech starts at the TIP process using the RFP as basis. Tetra Tech’s appetite will be the basis for joining a bidding process or not. However, the TIP ensures that what is considered as high risk is converted into low risk

Impact of Global Warming

Impact of Global Warming Milagros Hoyos Global Warming Global Warming is an international phenomenon where the weather and temperature change unpredictably and fast (when greenhouse gases get trapped in the atmosphere). Since the Industrial Revolution, global warming has increased, affecting Earth by rising its global temperature (which has increased due to the fact that the amount of carbon dioxide and other gases spewing from industrial plants has enlarged). Nevertheless, to understand global warming, one must understand the components intertwined with its occurrence (such as carbon dioxide, greenhouse gases, Ozone O3, Chlorofluorocarbon, and CFCs gases). In addition, one must learn where, why, and how global warming occurs. To begin, one must first know the difference between the terms, weather and climate. Despite the fact that they are related, weather and climate are two distinct things. Weather refers to the atmosphere’s current condition at a specific location on Earth. Weather conditions typically change hourly and refer to a small area. The factors that are included in weather measurements are air temperature, wind speed and its direction, humidity, precipitation, and cloud locations. Although climate does include some of these factors, climate is a measurement of the average weather condition of a large region for a long period of time. Furthermore, climate is measured in decades. Greenhouses gases are another important component of global warming. As everyone knows, the Earth’s atmosphere consists of various different chemical compounds. Among these compounds, there are gases (called greenhouse gases) in our environment that are primarily generated by fossil fuel consumption. Greenhouse gases are vapors that are trapped in the Earth’s atmosphere; they absorb and emit radiation at the rate of thermal infrared. The primary greenhouse gases in Earth’s atmosphere are carbon dioxide, water vapor, ozone, methane, and nitrous oxide. Carbon dioxide (CO2) makes up about eighty percent of primary greenhouse gases. It is a chemical compound, in the state of gas, with a natural, or anthropogenic (caused by human activity), origin. Also having a natural origin, CO2 is emitted by volcanoes, geysers, oceans, lakes, aerobic organisms (through respiration), organic materials (from their decay), land animals (as they exhale, while breathing), and humans (from their breath). In addition, carbon dioxide can be found, naturally, in oil and gas deposits. Regarding its anthropogenic origin, carbon dioxide can also derive from the combustion of fossil fuels (such as gas motor vehicles, fabrics, and manufactures). Furthermore, carbon dioxide can be generated from coal, which is rich in carbon when burned. Carbon dioxide is essential to human life due to the fact that it, as a major greenhouse gas, maintains an average temperature, on Earth, of 59Â ° Fahrenheit (Gore, 2007). Without these gases, the Earth’s surface temperature would drop to around 0Â ° Fahrenheit (Gore, 2007). However, the problem is that an excess of CO2 gases contributes to global warming. There are various researches that suggest that there is a direct correlation between carbon dioxide and temperature. In other words, the more concentrated the CO2 (ppm) in Earth’s atmosphere gets, the higher Earth’s temperature is going to get. Humans cannot stop these gases from naturally occurring, but they can prevent the anthropogenic ones. Consequently, many experts advise people to prevent or reduce the emission of CO2 gases into Earth’s atmosphere. Some ways to prevent the emission of CO2 gases are regulating the emission of pollution, promoting the manufacturer, using electrical or hybrid motor vehicles, and preventing the destruction of forests (which absorb CO2 to form oxygen). Another significant compound in global warming is chlorofluorocarbon (also known as CFCs, or Freon). chlorofluorocarbon is an organic compound that contains carbon, chlorine, and fluorine. This compound is produced as a derivative of propane, methane, and ethane, and is used as a refrigerant, solvent and propellant. Moreover, it has a lifetime of 20 to 100 years. CFCs gases are extremely stable, do not dissolve because of rain, and stay in Earth’s atmosphere for about two years (which is the time it takes them to reach the stratosphere). In the stratosphere, ultraviolet rays hit CFCs molecules (CFCl3) to form chlorine atoms (Cl), which then react with ozone molecules (O3) to form chlorine monoxide (ClO) and oxygen molecules (O2). Later, the free oxygen molecules react with the chlorine monoxides to form chlorine atoms, which are then free to start the process all over again (which slowly destroys ozone molecules). It is known that one CFC molecule can destroy up to 100,000 ozone molecules. Ozone O3 (ÃŽ ¼-O) plays a major role in global warming. Ozone O3 is an inorganic molecule (in its gas state) that forms in the Earth’s atmosphere through photolysis. (Photolysis is a process in which O2 molecules split apart, due to ultraviolet rays, to form individual O molecules, which join together to form O3 molecules, or the ozone.) The formation and destruction of the ozone is steady, with a relative constant concentration and altitude of 10 to 19 miles from Earth’s surface. The ozone layer plays an important role in the warming of the Earth due to the fact that it is meant to prevent the Earth from warming up too much. The Sun’s irradiated rays penetrate Earth’s lower atmosphere and warms its (Earth’s) surface. However, these sunrays are filtered by the ozone layer, which is located in Earth’s stratosphere. The ozone layer protects Earth from ultraviolet rays by reducing the intensity and preventing very high temperatures (which could potentially destroy every animal and human by melting every thing) to occur on Earth. In regard to the relationship between CO2 and the ozone layer, CO2 does not directly affect the ozone layer. What actually occurs is that the ozone’s generation is very slow and gases, such as water vapor and CO2, stay in the atmosphere semi permanently, without physically or chemically changing. Then, when the sun’s rays (ultraviolet rays) are emitted, they pass through the atmosphere, warming the Earth. Nevertheless, this heat cannot leave the Earth because the gases block Earth’s heat from escaping, which makes, consequently, what is known as global warming. The region most affected by global warming, where the climate changes constantly, is the Arctic due to the fact that it is located on a highly sensitive part of Earth. Furthermore, the Arctic region is very thin and suffers from ruptures and melted ice, which destroy the habitat of different animals, such as polar bears. In addition, global warming also affects the native people, plants, and wildlife. One noticeable victim of global warming is The Muir Glacier, located in the Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve, in Alaska. As shown on the left in figure 1 (on the following page), which was taken in August 1941, the glacier once covered the entire ocean between the mountains. Nowadays, as shown on the right in figure 1 (below), which was taken in August 2004, the glacier is barely visible due to the fact that global warming has made most of the ice melt, causing the glacier to shorten by more than 31 miles and thin by more than one kilometer (U.S. Geological Survey, 2014). Figure 1: Muir Glacier To make matters worst, glaciers, such as the Muir Glacier (melting glaciers), contribute to the rising sea levels, which produces coastal flooding and contaminates fresh water supplies. Snow and ice generally act like a security system by cooling the Earth’s layer over the Arctic. Thus, when the ice and snow that covers the Earth melts, the earth absorbs more sunlight and gets hotter. So, is global warming a big issue to consider? As one can see, it is a huge issue. Global warming affects the planet’s temperature, climate change, and is one of the leading problems that face our world today. Carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases are heating up the atmosphere and are, thus, jeopardizing every day life. This problem is caused by the release of principal human-made greenhouse gases into Earth’s atmosphere. Therefore, humans can prevent global warming through the prevention, replacement, and reduction of CFCs on Earth. Furthermore, by doing these things, humans can save the environment and, in a way, the world! Resources Burroughs, W. J. Climate Change: A Multidisciplinary Approach; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2007. Climate Central, Inc. Global Weirdness: Severe Storms, Deadly Heat Waves, Relentless Drought, Rising Seas, and The Weather of The Future; Pantheon Books: New York, 2012. Goodall, C. Ten Technologies to Save the Planet; Greystone Books: Vancouver, 2010. Gore, A. An Inconvenient Truth: The Crisis of Global Warming; Viking: New York, 2007. Haugen, D. M. Musser, S. Is Global Warming a Threat?; Greenhaven Press: Detroit, 2007. Haugen D., Musser S., Lovelace, K. Global Warming; Greenhaven Press: Detroit, 2010. Joesten, M. Hogg, J. L. CHEM In Your World; Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning: Belmont, 2011. McKibben, B. The Global Warming Reader: A Century of Writing About Climate Change; Penguin Books: New York, 2012. U.S. Geological Survey. Glacier and Landscape Change in Response to Changing Climate. http://www.usgs.gov/climate_landuse/glaciers/repeat_photography.asp (accessed June 23, 2014). Weart, S. R. The Discovery of Global Warming; Harvard University Press: Cambridge, 2003.

Le Faux Mirror: A Profile of René Magritte Essay -- Rene Magritte Pape

Le Faux Mirror: A Profile of Renà © Magritte I was a child and she was a child in this kingdom by the sea and this maiden she lived with no other thought than to love and be loved by me* (Poe 1) â€Å"Si vous aimez l’amour, vous aimerez le Surrealisme!,† She screams as he slams the door (Mundy 4). His eyes are like nails in the rain. He steps onto the street— the cobbled street. She presses her lips to the window— the waiting window. As he runs away his militant frame, once emboldened in comparison to her tiny fragility, sinks into a comforting smallness. He is gone. How small he looks now that he has not listened to her. How logical he seems. She is glad that he is no longer a man, but the memory of an umbrella. There is no way she will capture him again. She knows that he no longer sees her face in every song, but a whiteness, like a bed sheet, that covers everything. Her body is water. Her features are obstructed. She finds pleasure in drowning. She wants to scream. As she breathes through the glass, watching him run, these words are in her mind: â€Å"You suicide me, so obediently. /I shall die you however one day. /I shall know that ideal woman /and slowly I shall snow on her mouth† (Matthews 61). Why does she love him? Qu’est-ce que? What is it? She sees him as a man, yet she knows that the future will remember him as an artist. How will he capture them? Of which facets of his art will they philosophize rapturously? Will it be the way his clean and vivid images seal themselves into the mind in a manner that is almost mathematical? Is it the subconscious sense of eroticism that manages to pervade all of his work even through the innocent ... ...dgar Allen Poe. French Translations: â€Å"Si vous†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬â€If you love love, you’ll love Surrealism! â€Å"Qu’est-ce..†Ã¢â‚¬â€What is it? â€Å"Qu-est-ce†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p. 69) —What is Surrealism? â€Å"Grelots Roses!†Ã¢â‚¬â€Pink Bells (A painting by Magritte) â€Å"dans les yeux†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬â€In the darkest eyes the brightest eyes enclose themselves. Works Cited Gohr, Siegfried. Magritte.San Francisco: The Museum of Modern Art. Abrams, 2000. Hammacher, Abraham Marie. Renà © Magritte. Trans. James Brockway. New York: Abrams, 1995. Mundy, Jennifer, ed. Surrealism: Desire Unbound.Princeton, New Jersey. Princeton UP, 2001. Poe, Edgar Allen. â€Å"Annabelle Lee.† Romantic-Lyrics.com, 2003. http://www.romantic-lyrics.com/pa12.shtml. Soby, James Thrall. Renà © Magritte.New York: The Museum of Modern Art. Doubleday, 1965. Valery, Paul. Little Blue Light, 2003. http://www.littlebluelight.com/lblphp/quotes.php?name=Valery

History of Early Childhood Education – Comenius, Froebel, Montessori

Paper History of Early Childhood Education Comenius, Froebel, Montessori 1. John Amos Comenius John Amos Comenius (1592-1670) was a Czech theologian, philosopher, teacher and writer who thought education could improve society. He advocated universal textbooks & language and believed children would enjoy learning more if they were methodically taught in early years. Comenius thought instruction should move from general to specific, from easy to difficult and believed to engage children with nature. He taught that education began in the earliest days of childhood, and continued throughout life. Comenius believed in four different schools for different ages: -Nursery School – birth to 6 years of age, where hands-on learning, active experiences and sensory learning are of importance. 2 -Elementary (National) – ages 6 to 12 -Latin School (Gymnasium) – ages 13 -18 -Academy – gifted ages 19-24 From his point of view teachers should present lessons at a reasonable pace, use age-appropriate instruction, keep materials constantly before a child’s eyes and use a single method of instruction at all times.Comenius rejected the conventional wisdom that children were inherently bad and that teachers needed to use corporal punishment to discipline them. 3 He was the first to promote continuing education and the first to advocate equal education for all, including women and the poor. Furthermore he wrote the Great Didactic (a textbook for curriculum and education) and was the first to use pictures in text books for teaching children (Orbis Pictus). â€Å"His philosophy of Pansophism (meaning ‘all knowledge') attempted to incorporate theology, philosophy, and education into one. He believed that learning, spiritual, and emotional growth were all woven together† – especially in the teaching of children. â€Å"What Comenius referred to as the Via Lucis, or ‘way of light,' was the pursuit of higher learning and spiritual enlightenment bound together. † 4 In 1641/42 he was asked to completely restructure the school system of Sweden. As the Bishop of the Unitas Fratrum, the Moravian Church, Comenius was asked to be the first President of Harvard College, but declined. He died in Amsterdam in 1670. â€Å"Comenius's theory incorporated spiritual love of human beings with emphasis on Nature's goodness. 5 He was a naturalistic educator who believed children were innately good and learned most effectively and efficiently by examining objects in their immediate natural environment. â€Å"Comenius anticipated many practices associated with modern child-centered progressive education. † 6 He believed that teaching should build on children's interests and actively involve their senses. During his lifetime he published 154 books, mostly dealing with educational philosophy and theology. Known today as the ‘Father of Modern Education,' he pioneered modern educational methods. 1Comenius Founda tion, 2013, in: http://comeniusfoundation. org/pages/why-comenius/comenius-biography. php 2Essa & Young (1994), p. 36 3www. wou. edu/~girodm/foundations/pioneers. pdf, p. 106 4Comenius Foundation, 2013, in: http://comeniusfoundation. org/pages/why-comenius/comenius-biography. php 5www. wou. edu/~girodm/foundations/pioneers. pdf, p. 106 6www. wou. edu/~girodm/foundations/pioneers. pdf, p. 107 2. Friedrich Wilhelm August Froebel The German educationalist Friedrich Wilhelm August Froebel was born in 1782.From 1798 to 1800 he was an apprentice to a forester and surveyor in Neuhaus, and attended the University of Jena from 1800 to 1802. In 1805 Froebel briefly studied architecture in Frankfurt, got hired as a teacher and took a short course with Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi at Yverdon, where he interned from 1808 to 1810. Although he accepted certain aspects of Pestalozzi's method – the emphasis on nature, the permissive school atmosphere and the object lesson – he believed t hat Pestalozzi's theory lacked an adequate philosophical foundation.Froebel gave Pestalozzi's object lesson a more symbolic meaning by saying that the concrete object was to stimulate recall of a corresponding idea in the child's mind. He accepted Pestalozzi's general method that saw schools as emotionally secure places for children, but he elevated the concept to a highly spiritual level. Like Pestalozzi, he wanted to prepare teachers who would be sensitive to children's readiness and needs. 7 Furthermore Froebel studied languages and science at the University of Gottingen from 1810 to 1812 .He wanted to identify linguistic structures that could be applied to language instruction. From 1812 to 1816 Froebel studied mineralogy at the University of Berlin. He believed the process of crystallization, moving from simple to complex, reflected a universal cosmic law that also governed human growth and development. Froebel was influenced by two trends in the first half of the 19th century: a resurgence of philosophical idealism and the rising nationalism of the post-Napoleonic eras.Idealism emphasizes a spiritually based reality. Idealists saw the nation as embodying the world spirit on earth. During Froebel's life, there were efforts to unite the various small German kingdoms into one large nation. He believed that an education that emphasized German traditions and folk tales would advance this cause. Froebel's idealism was a reaction against the empiricism of Locke and Rosseau. However, his educational philosophy emphasized the dignity of child nature as recommended by Rousseau and Pestalozzi.In 1816 Froebel established the Universal German Educational Institute at Griesheim. He moved the institute to Keilhau in 1817 where it functioned until 1829. In 1818 Froebel married Henrietta Wilhelmine Hoffmeister (1780–1839), who assisted him until her death. In 1831 Froebel established an institute at Wartensee on Lake Sempach in Switzerland and then relocated the s chool to Willisau. Froebel next operated an orphanage and boarding school at Burgdorf. He believed that every child's inner self contained a spiritual essence that stimulated self-active learning.He therefore designed the kindergarten system for children under the age of six (1837) that would be a prepared environment to externalize children's interior spirituality through self-activity using play, songs, stories, and activities. He developed special materials (such as shaped wooden bricks and balls), a series of recommended activities (occupations) and movement activities (fine motor skills). This particular curriculum – now a standard part of early childhood education – stimulated children's cognitive, social, emotional, creative and physical development.Froebel's reputation as an early childhood educator increased and kindergartens were established throughout the German states. In 1852 Froebel passed away. By the end of the nineteenth century, kindergartens had been established throughout Europe and North America. 4 7http://education. stateuniversity. com/pages/1999/Froebel-Friedrich-1782-1852. html 3. Maria Montessori On August 31st, 1870 Maria Montessori was born at Chiaravalle, Italy. Her father, Alessandro Montessori, worked for the civil service, and her mother, Renilde Stoppani, came from an academic family and was well educated.The Montessori family moved to Rome in 1875, and the following year Maria enrolled in the local state school on the Via di San Nicolo da Tolentino. At 12, Montessori expressed her intention to attend what was called a technical school for her secondary education, which was unusual at the time as most girls who pursued secondary education studied the classics. From 1886 to 1890 she continued her studies at the Regio Instituto Tecnico Leonardo da Vinci, which she entered with the intention of becoming an engineer.This decision didn't find favor with her father, who believed that the education of females should be r estricted to certain subjects. Upon her graduation, Montessori was determined to enter medical school and become a doctor. Her father opposed this course—medical school was then an all-male preserve—and initially Maria was refused entry by the head of the school. 8 In 1890, with her mother's support, Montessori obtained her father's reluctant permission to attend the University of Rome to study physics, mathematics and natural sciences, receiving her diploma two years later.This and the Pope’s intercession enabled her to enter the College of Medicine, and she became the first woman to enter medical school in Italy. Montessori stood out not just because of her gender, but because she was actually intent on mastering the subject matter. She awarded for her work in pathology by winning a series of scholarships at medical school which, together with the money she earned through private tuition, enabled her to pay for most of her medical education. In 1895 she won a position as assistant in the University hospital.Montessori's time at medical school was a challenge, because her male colleagues showed their disapproval of her presence and she had to work alone on dissections since these were not allowed to be done in mixed classes. But she was a dedicated student and graduated in June 1896 at the top of her class as a specialist in surgery and in the diseases of women and children. She became the first woman to qualify as a doctor in Italy, and with this distinction also became known across the country. She was immediately employed in the San Giovanni Hospital attached to the University.Later that year she was asked to represent Italy at the International Congress for Women’s Rights in Berlin, where she talked about the progress of education for women in Italy. In November 1896 Montessori added the appointment as surgical assistant at Santo Spirito Hospital in Rome to her portfolio of tasks. In 1897 she volunteered to join a research prog ram at the psychiatric clinic of the University of Rome, and it was here that she worked alongside Giusseppe Montesano, with whom she would have a child a few years later.As part of her work at the clinic she would visit Rome’s asylums for the insane, seeking patients for treatment at the clinic. Montessori discovered that many children with mental, physical, or emotional disabilities, who couldn't stay at home or go to school or work, were being kept in asylums alongside adults with major psychiatric disorders. She came to realize that in such a bare, unfurnished environment the children were desperate for sensorial stimulation and activities for their hands, and that this deprivation was contributing to their condition.She began to read what others had published about working with children with various disabilities and in particular she studied the groundbreaking work of two early 19th century Frenchmen, Jean-Marc Itard and Edouard Seguin, his student. 5 8A Biography of Dr Maria Montessori, in: http://montessori. org. au/montessori/biography. htm Itard had developed a technique of education through the senses, which Seguin later tried to adapt to mainstream education. Seguin emphasized respect and understanding for each individual child.He created a practical apparatus and equipment to help develop the child’s sensory perceptions and motor skills, which Montessori was later to use in new ways. From 1897-98 she attended courses in pedagogy, studying the works of Rousseau, Pestalozzi and Froebel. In 1898 Montessori was becoming known for her work with and ideas about education for children with disabilities. In 1899, she began teaching at a college for the training of female teachers, and there she further explored and discussed ideas about education.Then, in 1900, as a result of her work with children in hospitals and asylums, Montessori was asked to become the co-director of the Orthophrenic School for children with various disabilities that pr evented them from doing well in regular schools. Montessori spent 2 years working at the Orthophrenic School, experimenting with and refining the materials devised by Itard and Seguin and bringing a scientific, analytical attitude to the work; teaching and observing the children by day and writing up her notes by night.In 1898 Maria gave birth to a child, a boy named Mario, who was given into the care of a family who lived in the countryside near Rome. In 1901 Montessori left the Orthophrenic School and immersed herself in her own studies of educational philosophy and anthropology. In 1904 she took up a post as a lecturer at the Pedagogic School of the University of Rome, which she held until 1908. 9 During this period Rome was experiencing rapid population growth and industrialization. In the fever of speculative development, some construction companies were going bankrupt, leaving unfinished building projects which quickly attracted squatters.One such development, which stood in t he San Lorenzo district, was rescued by a group of wealthy bankers who undertook a basic restoration, dividing larger apartments into small units for impoverished working families. Many children not old enough for school or work were being left alone while their parents went to work each day. These unsupervised children were vandalizing the newly renovated buildings and getting into other kinds of trouble. This prompted the developers to approach Dr. Montessori to provide ways of occupying the children during the day to prevent further damage to the premises.Montessori grasped the opportunity and established her first Casa dei Bambini or ‘Children’s House’. What Montessori came to realize was that children who were placed in an environment where activities were designed to support their natural development had the power to educate themselves (autoeducation). By the autumn of 1908 there were five Case dei Bambini operating, four in Rome and one in Milan. Children in a Casa dei Bambini made extraordinary progress, and soon 5-year-olds were writing and reading.In the summer of 1909 Montessori gave the first training course in her approach to around 100 students. He published her first book that same year in Italy, which appeared in translation in the United States in 1912 as The Montessori Method, reaching second place on the U. S. nonfiction bestseller list. Soon afterwards it was translated into 20 different languages and has become a major influence in the field of education. A period of great expansion in the Montessori approach now followed in Europe and America.By 1933 all Montessori schools in Germany had been closed. In the same year, after Montessori refused to cooperate with Mussolini’s plans to incorporate Italian Montessori schools into the fascist youth movement, he closed them all down. 9A Biography of Dr Maria Montessori, in: http://montessori. org. au/montessori/biography. htm 6 The outbreak of civil war in Spain forced the family to abandon their home in Barcelona, and they sailed to England in the summer of 1936. From England the refugees travelled to the Netherlands.In 1939 Montessori and her son Mario traveled to India to give a 3-month training course in Madras followed by a lecture tour; they were not to return for nearly 7 years. With the outbreak of war, as Italian citizens, Mario was interned and Montessori put under house arrest. She was well looked after in India, where she met Gandhi, Nehru and Tagore. Her 70th birthday request to the Indian government, that Mario should be released and restored to her, was granted. Together they trained over a thousand Indian teachers. In 1946 they returned to the Netherlands.A year later Montessori addressed UNESCO on the theme ‘Education and Peace’. In 1949 she received the first of three nominations for the Nobel Peace Prize. Her last public engagement was in London in 1951 when she attended the 9th International Montessori Congress. On May 6th 1952, at the holiday home of the Pierson family in the Netherlands, she passed away in the company of her son, Mario, to whom she bequeathed the legacy of her work. 10 10A Biography of Dr Maria Montessori, in: http://montessori. org. au/montessori/biography. htm 7 References: A Biography of Dr Maria Montessori, in: http://montessori. rg. au/montessori/biography. htm Comenius Foundation, 2013, in: http://comeniusfoundation. org/pages/why-comenius/comeniusbiography. php E. M. Standing, Maria Montessori: Her Life and Work (New York 1984), p. 38. Essa, E. & Young, R. (2003). Introduction to early childhood education (3rd Can. ed. ). Nelson: Canada Friedrich Froebel (1782–1852) – Biography, Froebel's Kindergarten Philosophy, The Kindergarten Curriculum, Diffusion of the Kindergarten, in: http://education. stateuniversity. com/pages/1999/Froebel-Friedrich-1782-1852. html Julia Maria, â€Å"’Le Feminisme Italien: entrevue avec Mlle. Montessori†,